# Considerations and recommendations from the ISMRM diffusion study group for preclinical diffusion MRI : Part 2—Ex vivo imaging: Added value and acquisition

Kurt G. Schilling, Francesco Grussu, Andrada Ianus, Brian Hansen, Amy F. D. Howard, Rachel L. C. Barrett, Manisha Aggarwal, Stijn Michielse, Fatima Nasrallah, Warda Syeda, Nian Wang, Jelle Veraart, Alard Roebroeck, Andrew F. Bagdasarian, Cornelius Eichner, Farshid Sepehrband, Jan Zimmermann, Lucas Soustelle, Christien Bowman, Benjamin C. Tendler, Andreea Hertanu, Ben Jeurissen, Marleen Verhoye, Lucio Frydman, Yohan van de Looij, David Hike, Jeff F. Dunn, Karla Miller, Bennett A. Landman, Noam Shemesh, Adam Anderson, Emilie McKinnon, Shawna Farquharson, Flavio Dell'Acqua, Carlo Pierpaoli, Ivana Drobnjak, Alexander Leemans, Kevin D. Harkins, Maxime Descoteaux, Duan Xu, Hao Huang, Mathieu D. Santin, Samuel C. Grant, Andre Obenaus, Gene S. Kim, Dan Wu, Denis Le Bihan, Stephen J. Blackband, Luisa Ciobanu, Els Fieremans, Ruiliang Bai, Trygve B. Leergaard, Jiangyang Zhang, Tim B. Dyrby, G. Allan Johnson, Julien Cohen-Adad, Matthew D. Budde, Ileana O. Jelescu

Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · 2025 · Review

https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.30435

## Summary

The second ISMRM preclinical diffusion MRI paper examines the value of ex vivo imaging and how to acquire reliable data. It covers specimen selection, fixation, preparation, and scanning. The recommendations explain both the opportunities for detailed tissue characterization and the experimental differences that complicate comparison with living tissue.

## Study overview

Ex vivo diffusion MRI can achieve high signal-to-noise ratio, fine spatial resolution, and diffusion contrasts that are difficult to obtain in living subjects. It also enables direct comparisons with histology. This review explains those opportunities and the experimental considerations required to use them effectively. Topics include specimen and model selection, tissue fixation, sample preparation, and acquisition protocols. Because ex vivo conditions change tissue properties and measurement requirements, the authors emphasize that in vivo practices cannot simply be transferred unchanged. The recommendations aim to improve reproducibility while identifying remaining gaps in evidence and priorities for future method development.

## Findings / topics

- Ex vivo imaging enables detailed spatial sampling and advanced diffusion contrasts.
- Fixation and sample preparation materially affect acquisition and interpretation.
- Direct comparison with histology is a major opportunity for validation.

## Resources

- [Original work](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrm.30435)
- [Open full text](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11971501/)

Lab page: https://www.microstructure-connectivity-lab.com/publications/preclinical-dmri-part-2/

This is a research summary, not the full article.